Investigation of teratogenic effects of letrozole on fetal bone development / Investigación de los efectos teratogénicos de letrozol en el desarrollo óseo fetal

SUMMARY: Letrozole is mainly used for the treatment of unexplained infertility, breast cancer and polycystic ovarian syndrome, with secondary use in ovarian stimulation. In cases of unexpected or unknown pregnancy during the use of letrozole, letrozole may cause a teratogenic effect on the fetus. In this reason, in this study, we aimed to determine the effect of letrozole on fetal bone development. In this study, 32 pregnant Wistar albino rats were used. The rats were divided into four groups: Control (saline) and high; 0.3 mg/kg, medium; 0.03 mg/kg, low; 0.003 mg/ kg letrozole. Saline and letrozole were administered in 100 mL solutions by intraperitonaly from day 11 to day 15 of pregnancy. The skeletal system development of fetuses was examined with double skeletal staining, immunohistochemical staining methods and mineral density scanning electron microscopy. A total of 100 fetuses from female rats, 25 in each group, were included in the study. As a result of that, ossification rates were observed to decrease depending on the dose of letrozole in the forelimb limb (scapula, humerus, radius, ulna) and hindlimb (femur, tibia, fibula) limb bones. As a result of the statistical analysis, a statistically significant decrease was found in the ossification rates of all bones between the control group and low, medium, high letrozole groups (p<0.001). Exposure to letrozole during pregnancy adversely affected ossification and bone growth. However, the teratogenic effects of letrozole are unclear. Therefore, it needs to be investigated more extensively.

RESUMEN: Letrozol se usa principalmente para el tratamiento de la infertilidad inexplicable, el cáncer de mama y el síndrome de ovario poliquístico, con estimulación ovárica de uso secundario. En casos de embarazo inesperado o desconocido durante el uso de letrozol, puede causar un efecto teratogénico en el feto. Por esta razón, en este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue determinar el efecto de letrozol en el desarrollo óseo fetal. Se utilizaron 32 ratas albinas Wistar preñadas las cuales se distribuyeron en cuatro grupos: Control (solución salina) y alta; 0,3 mg/kg, medio; 0,03 mg/kg, bajo; 0,003 mg/kg de letrozol. Se administró solución salina y letrozol en soluciones de 100 mL por vía intraperitoneal desde el día 11 hasta el día 15 de la preñez. El desarrollo del sistema esquelético de los fetos se examinó con tinción esquelética doble, métodos de tinción inmunohistoquímica y microscopía electrónica de barrido de densidad mineral. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 100 fetos de ratas hembra, 25 en cada grupo. Como resultado, se observó que las tasas de osificación disminuían dependiendo de la dosis de letrozol en los huesos de los miembros torácicos (escápula, húmero, radio, ulna) y de las miembros pélvicos (fémur, tibia, fíbula). Se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en las tasas de osificación de todos los huesos entre el grupo control y los grupos de letrozol bajo, medio y alto (p<0,001). La exposición a letrozol durante la preñez afectó negativamente la osificación y el crecimiento óseo. Sin embargo, los efectos teratogénicos del letrozol no están claros por lo que debe ser investigado más extensamente.

Franz Nissl (1860-1919), noted neuropsychiatrist and neuropathologist, staining the neuron, but not limiting it / Franz nissl (1860-1919), notável neuropsiquiatra e neuropatologista, tingindo o neurônio, mas não o limitando

ABSTRACT Franz Alexander Nissl carried out studies on mental and nervous disorders, as a clinician, but mainly as a pathologist, probably the most important of his time. He recognized changes in glial cells, blood elements, blood vessels and brain tissue in general, achieving this by using a special blue stain he himself developed - Nissl staining, while still a medical student. However, he did not accept the neuron theory supported by the new staining methods developed by Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Nissl had worked with the crème de la crème of German neuropsychiatry, including Alois Alzheimer, besides Emil Kraepelin, Korbinian Brodmann and Walther Spielmeyer. He became (1904), Kraepelin's successor as Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Psychiatric Clinic, in Heidelberg. Moreover, in 1918, the year before Nissl´s death, Kraepelin offered him a research position as head of the Histopathology Department of the newly founded "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Psychiatrie" of the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry, in Munich.

RESUMO Franz Alexander Nissl realizou estudos sobre transtornos mentais e nervosos, como clínico, mas principalmente como patologista, provavelmente o mais importante de seu tempo. Ele reconheceu mudanças nas células gliais, elementos sangüíneos, vasos sangüíneos e tecido cerebral em geral, realizando-o por meio de um corante azul especial desenvolvida por ele mesmo - coloração de Nissl, ainda como estudante de medicina. No entanto, ele não aceitou a teoria do neurônio esclarecida pelos novos métodos de coloração desenvolvidos por Camillo Golgi e Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Nissl havia trabalhado com o crème de la crème da neuropsiquiatria alemã, como Alois Alzheimer, além de Emil Kraepelin, Korbinian Brodmann e Walther Spielmeyer. Ele se tornou (1904), o sucessor de Kraepelin como professor de psiquiatria e diretor da Clínica Psiquiátrica, em Heidelberg. Além disso, em 1918, um ano antes da morte de Nissl, Kraepelin o convidou para um cargo de pesquisador, como chefe do departamento de histopatologia da recém-fundada "Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Psychiatrie" do Instituto Max Planck de Psiquiatria, em Munique.

The influence of disposing the shoulder by the dental pneumatic ultrasonic hand-piece on the edge sealing prop-erty of the zirconium dioxide crown / 实用口腔医学杂志

15 extracted premolars were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, with 5 in each group. MANI TF-13 bur、TR13-EF bur and the dental pneumatic ultrasonic hand-piece were respectively used to dispose the shoulder. 15 Zirconium dioxide full crowns were made. The shoulder marginal microleakage was observed by staining method. Dental pneumatic ultrasonic hand-piece showed the best anti-mic-roleakage effect in shoulder refinement.

Investigation on human Cryptosporidium infection in local area of Anhui Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the status of Cryptosporidium infection in the population in the local area of Anhui Prov?ince,and discuss the risk factors of the infection,so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidi?osis. Methods Qianshan County and Lingbi County of Anhui Province were selected as investigation spots,and the oocysts of Cryptosporidium in the feces of the investigation objects and the specific IgG antibody against Cryptosporidium in the serum were checked by using the pathogenic modified acid fast staining method and ELISA,respectively,so as to determine the status of Cryptosporidium infection in these investigation objects. At the same time,the questionnaire surveys were conducted in the inves?tigation objects so as to know about the risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection. Results A total of 668 people were investigat?ed in the two counties,635 people received etiological examinations,and 15 people were positive with the positive rate of 2.36%;642 people received serological examinations,and 140 people were positive with the positive rate of 21.81%;628 peo?ple received pathogenic and serological examinations at the same time,and the examination results of the both methods showed that 12 people were positive(there were 4 people in Qianshan County and 8 people in Lingbi County),and the positive rate was 1.94%. The rates of Cryptosporidium infection in the population of Qianshan County and Lingbi County were 1.24%(4/322)and 2.71%(8/295)respectively,and the difference had no statistical significance(P>0.05). The single factor analysis found that the rate of Cryptosporidium infection was higher in the children and diarrhea patients;the multivariate logistics regression analy?sis indicated that the rate of Cryptosporidium infection was higher in the people who bred poultry and the diarrhea patients. Con?clusions The positive rate of serum antibody of Cryptosporidium in the population of the local area of Anhui Province is higher, which indicates that the previous infection is serious,and the rate of Cryptosporidium infection in human is relative to the age, diarrhea and whether there are poultries to be bred in the family,which is worthy of attention in the future prevention and treat?ment.

Experimental study on determination of viability of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae by staining / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To determine the viability of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae by staining. Methods Schistosoma japonicum cercariae were stained by 0.4%trypan blue 0.5%methylene blue?eosin?borax M.E.B 0.5%eosin 0.5%methy?lene blue and 0.05% neutral red respectively for 5 min then they were observed under a stereoscopic microscope. Results The dead cercariae were stained in the trypan blue M.E.B eosin and neutral red but unstained in the methylene blue. The vi?tal cercariae were unstained in all the five kinds of dyes. Conclusion The staining methods by using 0.4% trypan blue 0.5%M.E.B 0.5%eosin and 0.05%neutral red can be used to determine the viability of S. japonicum cercariae.

Influence of plaque staining test on periodontal health of middle-aged patients / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the effects of plaque staining test on periodontal health of middle-aged and elderly patients with dental implants. Methods Ninety patients with dental implants were included in the study and divided into test group (n=45) and control group (n=45) by using random digit table. In the test group, the patients were all instructed with both routine health education and dental plaque dyeing education, while the control group received routine health education only. The plaque index (PLI) and gingival index (GI) were assessed at months 1 and 6 after implant restoration. Results One month after dental implantation, there were no significant differences in PLI and GI between the two groups (P>0.05), while 6 months after the implantation, the differences in PLI and GI between them were significantly different ( P<0 . 01 ) . Conclusion The plaque dyeing technology applied in the oral health education to elderly patients with dental implants can reduce plaque index and gingival index so that their periodontal health is enhanced.

Standardization of metachromatic staining method of myofibrillar ATPase activity of myosin to skeletal striated muscle of mules and donkeys / Padronização do método de coloração metacromático da atividade da miosina ATPase miofibrilar para músculo estriado esquelético de muares e asininos

This study aims at standardizing the pre-incubation and incubation pH and temperature used in the metachromatic staining method of myofibrillar ATPase activity of myosin (mATPase) used for asses and mules. Twenty four donkeys and 10 mules, seven females and three males, were used in the study. From each animal, fragments from the Gluteus medius muscle were collected and percutaneous muscle biopsy was performed using a 6.0-mm Bergstrõm-type needle. In addition to the metachromatic staining method of mATPase, the technique of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) was also performed to confirm the histochemical data. The histochemical result of mATPase for acidic pre-incubation (pH=4.50) and alkaline incubation (pH=10.50), at a temperature of 37ºC, yielded the best differentiation of fibers stained with toluidine blue. Muscle fibers were identified according to the following colors: type I (oxidative, light blue), type IIA (oxidative-glycolytic, intermediate blue) and type IIX (glycolytic, dark blue). There are no reports in the literature regarding the characterization and distribution of different types of muscle fibers used by donkeys and mules when performing traction work, cargo transportation, endurance sports (horseback riding) and marching competitions. Therefore, this study is the first report on the standardization of the mATPase technique for donkeys and mules...

O presente estudo objetivou padronizar o pH e a temperatura da pré-incubação e incubação do método de coloração metacromática de myofibrillar atividade ATPase da miosina (mATPase) utilizada para asininos e muares. Vinte e quatro jumentos e 10 muares, sete machos e três fêmeas, foram usados no estudo. De cada animal, fragmentos do músculo Gluteus medius foram coletados e biópsia muscular percutânea foi realizada por meio de uma agulha Bergstrõm tipo de 6,0 mm. Em adição ao método de coloração metacromática de mATPase, a técnica de nicotinamida adenina dinucleótido tetrazólio redutase (NADH-TR) foi também realizada para confirmar os dados histoquímicos. O resultado histoquímico da mATPase por pré-incubação ácida (pH=4,50) e incubação alcalina (pH=10,50), a uma temperatura de 37ºC, foi o que proporcionou a melhor diferenciação das fibras coradas com azul de toluidina. As fibras musculares foram identificadas de acordo com as seguintes cores: tipo I (oxidativa, azul claro), tipo IIA (oxidativo-glicolítico, azul intermediário) e tipo IIX (glycolytic, azul escuro). Na literatura, não foram encontradas publicações pertinentes à caracterização e distribuição dos diferentes tipos de fibras musculares utilizadas pelos asininos e muares nos trabalhos de tração, no transporte de cargas, em provas esportivas de resistência (cavalgadas) e concursos de marcha. Dessa forma, essa pesquisa é o primeiro relato sobre padronização da técnica de mATPase para muares e asininos...

Comparative evaluation of Ziehl Neelsen staining and knowledge, attitudes and practices of laboratory personnel in relation to Ziehl Nielsen / Evaluación comparativa de la tinción de Ziehl Neelsen y los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) del personal de laboratorio en relación con Ziehl Nielsen

OBJECTIVE: To describe laboratory personnel's attitude and practices toward phenol exposure during Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) acid fast staining method and to evaluate the feasibility of an alternate modified Kinyoun cold (MKC) stain. METHOD: A total of 187 sputum samples were collected from suspected tuberculosis cases and stained by the MKC method and ZN stain and were read by an experienced microscopist and a researcher. A crosssectional questionnaire survey of 35 laboratory personnel was also conducted. RESULTS: Modified Kinyoun cold stain gave sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of 100%, 99.4%, 94.1% and 100%, respectively. Both stains corresponded with an agreement rate of 99.5%. Almost 94.7%of respondents reported that they worked in a closed area when staining and 57.1% did the staining method without ventilation. Material safety data sheet (MSDS) of phenol was not known to 77.1% of laboratory personnel. All of the participants (100%) in this study welcomed a similar, non heating method for acid-fast bacillus (AFB). There was significant association between those not comfortable with phenol exposure (77.1%) and complaints of irritation (48.6%) and headache (2.9%) [χ² = 10.98, r = 0.55, p = 0.001]. CONCLUSIONS: The MKC is suitable for use as a substitute for the ZN method for the demonstration of AFB in the primary diagnosis and treatment assessment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Focus should be given on educating laboratory staff on the hazards, risks and precautions associated with the phenol/ZN method.

OBJETIVO: Describir las actitudes y prácticas del personal del laboratorio hacia la exposición al fenol durante la aplicación del método de tinción ácido-rápida de Ziehl Neelsen (ZN), y la viabilidad de la alternativa de una tinción de Kinyoun en frío modificada (MKC). MÉTODO: Un total de 187 muestras de esputo fueron recogidas de casos con sospecha de tuberculosis, y teñidas por el método MKC y la tinción de ZN, tras lo cual fueron leídas por un microscopista y un investigador con experiencia. También se realizó una encuesta transversal a manera de cuestionario, entre las 35 personas que conformaban el personal del laboratorio. RESULTADOS: La tinción de Kinyoun en frío modificada arrojó sensibilidad, especificidad, y valores predictivos positivos y negativos de 100%, 99.4%, 94.1% y 100%, respectivamente. Ambas tinciones se correspondieron con una tasa de acuerdo de 99.5%. Casi el 94.7% de los encuestados informó que trabajaban en un área cerrada en el momento de la tinción, y 57.1% tuvo el método de la tinción sin ventilación. La ficha de datos de seguridad (FDS) de fenol era desconocida para el 77.1% del personal de laboratorio. Todos los participantes (100%) en este estudio dieron la bienvenida a un método similar, sin calentamiento, para los bacilos acidoresistentes (BAR). Hubo una asociación significativa entre aquellos para quienes la exposición al fenol les era inconfortable (77.1%) y las quejas de irritación (48.6%) y dolor de cabeza (2.9%) [χ² = 10.98, r = 0.55, p = 0.001]. CONCLUSIONES: El MKC es adecuado para uso como sustituto del método de ZN para la demostración de BAR en el diagnóstico primario y la evaluación del tratamiento de la tuberculosis pulmonar. Debe centrarse la atención en educar al personal de laboratorio en los peligros, los riesgos, y la precaución asociados con el método de fenol/ZN.

The detection of trichomonas vaginalis by cytological stained tests / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Background: One of the confronted problems of doctors and medical personnels is sexually transmitted disease has not been decreased in our country up to now. By last 5 years propagation of trichomoniasis was 16.7-9.5% per 10000 population and infected T.vaginalis. In the practice of parasitology of our country metilen is revealed by gram method hasn’t been introduced which is used in up to date histological analyse. This became the background of our research work. Aim of our research is to diagnose trichomoniasis which infects sexually by cytological analyse and to define its specific and sensibility.Materials and Methods: A total 99 smears of 33 females aged 19-39, used cross sectional descriptive method. Finding T.vaginalis on specimens (1) Vaginal wet mount, (2) Gram staining and (3) Pap stain. Result: In our research T.vaginalis leaked out in wet mount smear was 33%, in Gram stain was (21.2%). The sensibility quality of T.vaginalis on Gram stain is 63%, specific quality is 90%, value of kappa coefficient (К=0.58 Р<0.002). In Pap stain T.vaginalis diagnosed 27,2% and sensibility quality of T.vaginalis is 81%, specific quality is 100%, value of kappa coefficient (К=0.87 Р<0.005). In the case when 3 analysis were positive case was 5 or 15.2%, in the case where 2 analysis were positive case was 6 or 18.2%. Conclusions: The Pap stain sensibility quality of T.vaginalis is 81%, specific quality is 100%, value of kappa coefficient (К=0.87 Р<0.005), that shows should be to give effect on diagnosing of sexually transmitted infectious disease.

Comparison of histopathological staining methods for Cryptococcus neoforman / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To compare several histopathological staining methods in demonstrating Cryptococcus neoforman.Methods Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) method,periodic acid-Schiff(PAS) method,Alcian blue method and Grocott-Gomori's methenamine silver method were carried out in the lung and brain tissue samples from 7 autoptical cases identified with Cryptococcus neoforman infection.Results All these methods demonstrated Cryptococcus neoforman infection,HE method showed unclear pink cell body which were difficult to be found.Alcian blue method displayed blue picture,and PAS method showed violet-red body,and Grocott-Gomori's methenamine silver method presented clear dark black picture which was easy to be distinguished from other components.Conclusion Grocott-Gomori's methenamine silver method is the best method in staining Cryptococcus neoforman.

Comparison between the Lyon′s PAS standardized staining and traditional PAS staining / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To compare Lyon′s PAS standardized staining and traditional PAS staining.Methods:The sections of the same tissue were stained with the above two methods simultaneously.The results and replicability of the two methods were observed.Results:The posititive products and replicability of Lyon′s PAS staining were stronger than that of traditional PAS staining in the same tissue-sections.Coclusion:Lyon′s PAS standardized staining method is better than the traditional PAS staining method.

Appraising biofilm of Klebsiella with silver staining method / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To investigate the reliability of appraising biofilm of Klebsiella with silver staining method.Methods Apply improved flat culture to make biofilm of Klebsiella,adopting silver staining method and scanning electron microscopy to observe and appraise.Results Observation with general optical microscope after silver staining to appraise biofolm is identical with that using scanning electron microscope.Conclusions Silver staining method used to appraise biofilm of Klebsiella is reliable and simple.

A Study on Cryptosporidium Infection in Patients with Chronic Severe Hepatitis B / 中国医师杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between chronic severe hepatitis and cryptosporidium infection to provide evidences for scientific prevention and treatment of chronic severe hepatitis. Methods Fecal samples of 218 patients with chronic severe hepatitis B (CSHB) and 140 children with diarrhea were collected, and were examined for cryptosporidium oocytes by using auramine-phenol staining method (AA-p) and modified acid-fast staining method (MAF), and for cryptosporidium DNA by PCR and restriction digestion analysis. The factors affecting cryptosporidium infection of patients with CSHB were preliminarily analyzed. Results The positive rates of cryptosporidium infection detected by AA-p, MAF and PCR in the patients with CSHB and children with diarrhea were 4.1%, 3.2%, 6.0% and 0.7%, 0.7%, 1.4%, respectively. The positive rate of cryptosporidium infection detected by PCR in patients with CSHB was higher than that in children with diarrhea (P

Research Progress on the Technology of Microsporidian Detection / 中国寄生虫学与寄生虫病杂志

The microsporidia are obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites.They have been paid more attention as being the emerging pathogen of human, so it is important to control microsporidiosis using fast and precise detecting technology.In order to provide a reference for controlling microsporidian infection effectively, this paper reviews the progress of studying on the detecting technology from the microscopic staining methods, immunological and molecular biology.

STUDY ON PROLIFERATION AND APOPTOSIS IN DEVELOPING RENAL CORPUSCLES OF MOUSE / 解剖学报

Objective To study cell proliferation and apoptosis of renal corpuscle in normal developing mouse.Methods PCNA immunohistochemisty method,terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP-biotin nick endlabeling(TUNEL staining method)and light,electron microscopy were used to observe proliferation and apoptosis within corpuscle at different stages of development.Results Nearly all cells in Ⅰ and Ⅱ stages had nuclear PCNA immunolabeling.The number of PCNA immunolabeling cells during Ⅲ and Ⅳ stages was gradually decreased,and to less in Ⅴ stage.TUNEL positive cells could be easily observed before birth and identified in Ⅲ and Ⅳ stages.Electron microscope revealed that the mitotic activity was observed in all cells of Ⅰ and Ⅱ stages renal corpuscles.The mitotic phases of endothelial cells and podocytes could be seen in Ⅲ stage,but only endothelial mitotic activities in Ⅳ stage of renal corpuscle.Apoptotic activities of endothelial cell and Bowman's parietal cell were noted,predominantly in Ⅲ and Ⅳ stages.Conclusion Proliferation and apoptosis exist universally in the course of developing renal corpuscle,and supervise and control the regular development of renal corpuscle cooperatively.

FINE DISTRIBUTION OF THE LYMPH VESSELS IN THE STOMACH AS STUDIED BY ENZYME-HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD / 解剖学报

By using 5'-nucleotidase-alkaline phosphatase (5'-Nase-AlPase) double staining method, the fine distribution of the lymph vessels in the stomach wall of the rabbit, guinea pig and rat has been observed. Under light microscope lymph capillaries showed strongly 5'-Nase positive reaction with brown or dark brown staining. However blood capillaries revealed significantly A1Pase activity with blue staining. The lymph capillaries were seen in all layers of the stomach wall in three species, but the lymph vessels were only shown in the submucosa, muscularis and serosa. In the mucosa lymph capillaries could be found in the deep layer of the lamina propria. In the submucosa there were lymph vessels and capillaries. In the muscularis lymph capillaries and vessels not only could be found between oblique and circular muscle or between circular and longitudinal muscle, but also among muscle fiber bundles of each layer. In the serosa there were larger lymph vessels situated near the muscularis. The observation on semithin and ultrathin sections also shown the similarity in the lymph vessels distribution. There was no difference in the distribution of lymph vessels in the stomach wall between rabbit, guinea pig and rat.